Physiological changes in relation to growth and ripening of khirni [Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard] fruit
نویسندگان
چکیده
– Introduction. Fruit ripening is the process resulting in changes in color, taste and texture, which make the fruit acceptable for consumption. Since a wide spectrum of physiological, biochemical and organoleptic changes are involved in the development of a soft, edible, ripe fruit, we studied theses changes in an underutilized fruit, khirni [Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard]. Materials and methods. The changes in biochemical composition, which includes chlorophylls, carotenoids, anthocyanins, sugars, starch, free amino acids, phenols and proteins, and the specific activity of enzymes such as amylase, invertase, catalase, peroxidase, pectinmethylesterase, polygalacturanase and cellulase were analyzed in the fruit of Manilkara hexandra at five sequential developmental stages (young, premature, mature, preripened and ripened fruit stages). Results and discussion. The pulp of khirni fruit tastes sour during its growth period, but turns sweet when it ripens. A decreasing trend in chlorophylls occurs simultaneously with an increase in the quantity of total carotenoids and anthocyanins. Further, an increase in the quantity of sugars, proteins and phenols occurs towards the ripened stage, but starch and total free amino acids show a decrease in their quantities. Also, khirni fruit exhibits climacteric behavior with its increased rate of respiration and ethylene production. The moderate to significant changes in the activity of enzymes such as amylase, invertase, catalase and peroxidase involved in a number of catabolic and anabolic reactions indicate that these enzymes also have an active role in the process of khirni fruit growth and ripening. India / Manilkara hexandra / fruit / maturation / plant physiology / growth Changements physiologiques au cours de la croissance et de la maturation du fruit de Manilkara hexandra. Résumé –– Introduction. La maturation est un processus qui aboutit à des changements de couleur, de goût et de texture, qui rendent le fruit consommable. Puisqu’une large gamme de changements physiologiques, biochimiques et organoleptiques intervient dans le développement d'un fruit mûr comestible, nous avons étudié ces changements dans un fruit sous-utilisé, le khirni [M. hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard]. Matériel et méthodes. Les changements de certains composés biochimiques (chlorophylles, caroténoïdes, anthocyanines, sucres, amidon, acides aminés libres, phénols, protéines) et de l’activité spécifique de certains enzymes (amylase, invertase, catalase, peroxydase, pectineméthylestérase, polygalacturanase et cellulase) ont été analysés dans le fruit de M. hexandra à cinq stades de son développement (jeune, prématuré, mature, prémûr et mûr). Résultats et discussion. La pulpe du khirni a un goût aigre pendant sa période de croissance, mais elle devient sucrée lorsque le fruit mûrit. Les chlorophylles ont tendances à diminuer en même temps que la quantité totale de caroténoïdes et d'anthocyanines augmente. De plus, une augmentation de la quantité de sucres, de protéines et de phénols se produit à l’approche du stade de maturité, mais les quantités d'amidon et d’acides aminés libres totaux tendent à diminuer. Par ailleurs, le khirni montre un comportement climatérique du fait d’un taux croissant de sa respiration et de sa production d'éthylène pendant sa maturation. Des changements modérés à significatifs de l'activité d’enzymes telles que l'amylase, l'invertase, la catalase et la peroxydase impliquées dans un certain nombre de réactions cataboliques et anaboliques indiquent que ces enzymes auraient également un rôle actif au cours de la croissance et de la maturation du fruit de M. hexandra. Inde / Manilkara hexandra / fruit / maturation / physiologie végétale / croissance Dep. Biosciences, Sardar Patel Univ., Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat – 388120, India [email protected] Physiological changes in relation to growth and ripening of khirni [Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard] fruit Prakash Ramanbhai PATEL, Tadapaneni Venkata RAMANA RAO* * Correspondence and reprints Received 26 May 2008 Accepted 2 October 2008 Fruits, 2009, vol. 64, p. 139–146 © 2009 Cirad/EDP Sciences All rights reserved DOI: 10.1051/fruits/2009009 www.fruits-journal.org RESUMEN ESPAÑOL, p. 146 Article published by EDP Sciences and available at http://www.fruits-journal.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/fruits/2009009 140 Fruits, vol. 64 (3) P.R. Patel, T.V. Ramana Rao
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